Roles of Multidisciplinary Teams for Chronic Patients Assignment

Jobs of Multidisciplinary Teams for Chronic Patients - Assignment Example In regard to this, it is significant that it is realized that the majority of the constant diseases are innate while other are dependant on the idea of life for instance smoking. They must be treated since fix is beyond the realm of imagination. Constant sicknesses cut no matter how you look at it in what is alluded to as start to finish. there are various classes of constant ailments beginning from Arthritis, Alzheimer's to zoonoses interminable disease that are passed from creatures to human, avian influenza is a model (Brighton, 2005). Of ongoing weight has additionally included onto the not insignificant rundown of the ceaseless ailments. The expense of keeping up life within the sight of the interminable ailment is genuinely costly and deepest case in the event that one can not bear the cost of the cost, at that point they essentially capitulate. For instance in diabetes, there is have to infuse insulin every day for those with the intense structure (Brighton, 2005). Since the g reater part of the interminable sickness can't be totally be relieved, there is broad help from the human services suppliers with the end goal that the patient are given the direction on the most proficient method to deal with certain tasks all alone. Before leaving the emergency clinic the patient are given the rudiments of their condition and how to deal with the conditions without the specialist (Larsen, Pamala, and Ilene, 2009). Instances of ceaseless sickness can probably prompt the frustration of the patient in dealing with themselves, this is a result of the continually repeating ailment condition that requires close observing and any lack of concern might be deadly to ones life. This make the patient to have the inclination that they can't appreciate life and get the chance to be discouraged and can created extraordinary feeling of injury. For this situation the patients require mental treatments (Lubkin, Ilene, and Pamala, 1988). The injury that is experienced by the patien ts can be on a level plane be moved to the heath parental figures and even to the nearby relatives in what is alluded to as empathy exhaustion or burnout. Empathy exhaustion is characterized as the expense of giving consideration to the patients as one will in general sympathize with them to the degree that they themselves get influenced (Ackley, and Ladwig, 2010). In the contemporary society, one of the most stressing constant disease is the oncology cases, the improvement of destructive cases is on the overflowing and this is credited to the way of life that larger part of the people groups have settled on. For this reason, the commonness and frequency of the instances of ceaseless diseases will be thought of. Commonness of an ailment consider finding the rate at which the malady spreads while in rate, we do considers a depiction number of the people who are casualties as at a particular time (Funk, 2001). Qualities of constant illnesses Chronic sicknesses share numerous variables for all intents and purpose; the greater part of the ceaseless infections are achieved by the way of life drove by the person. The rise of these diseases are exclusively brought by the idea of the existence they settle on, for example, in the over utilization of liquor is known to exhaust the pancreases and this hinders the exhibition of the pancreas and may not be in a place of emitting the fundamental hormones that are required for the guideline of some significant components like the control of the sugar level in

Value Management of Construction Projects †MyAssignmenthelp.com

Question: Examine about the Value Management of Construction Projects. Answer: Presentation: Moral direct is all the more firmly identified with the lawful lead despite the fact that they don't generally cover and leave uncertainty over progressively proper activities at some particular conditions. In any case, this vulnerability can be diminished by structuring legitimate associations which support or persuades moral practices. The variables which become possibly the most important factor, while taking morals in the building and development enterprises are perceivability, reward frameworks and moral preparing programs, which ought to be presented in a positive way (Kelly, Male and Graham 2014). What's more, the data and information the board predominantly centers around the information accessible. It manages the unstructured just as organized figures and realities. In addition, innovation is exceptionally helpful and useful in this angle. It to a great extent centers around getting, finding, empowering and empowering by making societies, procedures and conditions where the information and data are made or shared (Walker 2015). Separated than these variables, the normal move for the ongoing alumni just as vocation experts is doing post graduate research preparing in building and development. The structure and development the board courses which are offered in foundations help the understudies in building up their expert contacts just as building their down to earth abilities. It for the most part includes field excursions and site visits; subsequently, giving the understudies the chance of trying hypotheses. The administrative control plan in development the board majorly affects the exhibitions of Model Predictive Control, which must not be disregarded. Guidelines are viewed as a consistently developing element of present day days. In this manner, for the experts working in some particular businesses like development, the board, account and others, guidelines help with forming every single choice (Kelly, Male and Graham 2014). References Kelly, J., Male, S. also, Graham, D., 2014.Value administration of development ventures. John Wiley Sons. Walker, A., 2015.Project administration in development. John Wiley Sons.

A Midsummer Night’s Dream Essay: Romanticism and Realism :: Midsummer Nights Dream

A Midsummer Night’s Dream:  Romanticism and Realism              In A Midsummer Night’s Dream, by William Shakespeare, love is seen in various ways.  Bottom ends up being very precise portraying the four fundamental sweethearts when he states, O what tricks these humans be† (Act #, Scene #, Line #). While the four fundamental characters put stock in sentimentalism, Theseus is a solid supporter of authenticity.             Demetrius and Lysander both communicate in non-literal language and both are exceptionally attractive. Their adoration for Helena and Hernia manage physical fascination and coquettish acts than affection that catches body, psyche, and soul. In the event that any of the four characters groups anything of sensible love, it would be Hermia. She was eager to hazard demise so as to be with Lysander. This demonstration of adoration goes past some other in this play, and exhibits Hermia’s commitment to Lysander. My great Lysander, I vow to thee by Cupid’s most grounded bow-Tomorrow genuinely will I meet with thee (Act 1, Scene 1, Line #).             Helena is perhaps the silliest character in the play, and now and again can be very disturbing. Demetrius shows no adoration for her, yet she continues pursuing him. Furthermore, in any event, for that do I love you the more. I am your spaniel; and, Demetrius, the more you beat me, I will grovel on you (Act 2, Scene 1, Line #). These characters are a genuine meaning of lovesick. Every one of them have all the earmarks of being infatuated with affection, more so than in adoration with one another. They all quickly run about, each changing accomplices so frequently that one is never extremely certain about who cherishes whom. Each expends themselves with what they consider to be genuine love to the point of losing contact totally with this present reality. To them, love is a fantasy that includes no explanation. They all accept that beginning to look all starry eyed at include s simply sentimental discourse and want for one another.             Unlike the four principle sweethearts, Theseus, Duke of Athens, accepts that men ought to never be distant from this present reality. To put it plainly, he sees the four lovers’ story as only a fantasy devised in their minds. The whole thought of being charmed by one’s darling to the point of putting some distance between this present reality is over the top to him. From the start, Theseus’ love for Hippolyta might be seen as chilly, yet once one understands Theseus’ practical and honorable character, clearly he emphatically wants his lady.

Most Noticeable Good Social Issues to Write about

Most Noticeable Good Social Issues to Write about Utilize all you know to reveal your comprehension of the planet, and bring out good old philosophical theories. Many times, as you attempt to explain what it is which you wish to write about, you're clarify in our own mind what it is that you wish to say. If you've got another pertinent question, please don't be afraid to write it to me. When you write your diary in this manner, you observe the very first sentences may be difficult to transform. Social workers frequently have a negative reaction to documentationit is the bane of several professionals' existence. Excellent company and good social practices aren't fundamentally opposed. Freelance writers can make superior fees and royalties. Unless you happen to be an expert writer, an expert writer is going to do a better job since they are professional. Good Social Issues to Write about Explained You might or might not wish to use a pseudonym. Technically, there's nothi ng a ghost writer cannot write for you. If you're looking for a ghost writer for an internet marketing campaign, I strongly suggest Elance. For some decent suggestions on how to develop into a persuasive writer, take a look at this post at earnticle.com. However tough life gets, there's always a great side to things. My very best friend was the 1 person I could speak to about anything. In the event the message can't be made in an ad or commercial, it cannot be made via social networking. You're building an image of a social issue, and you will need to bring up every potential side of the story. Good Social Issues to Write about Ideas Even if you're anonymous, even if you're on a locked account. To start with, your essay is supposed to deal with a specific social, psychological or anthropological matter. There are a few important things you will need to know to be able to write up a great essay. When you compose a social issue essay, it is very important to demonstrate yo ur private view of the issue. The War Against Good Social Issues to Write about If you don't actually need another job so you may replace the very first job. The procedure is extremely easy and extremely instinctive for amateurs. Type of Good Social Issues to Write about This social issues to compose a research paper on is a remarkable chance to find academic aid for your assignment from a specialist writer. You also receive a great opportunity to dig more into research! So for instance, more than 1 research article can support a conclusion that's then reported in the well-known media. The social issues research papers may appear easy to write in comparison with different topics, but still it demands an extremely creative strategy, a tremendous quantity of curiosity and capacity to think beyond the box and search data in unconventional sources. Many also clearly agree with his analysis that business is often viewed as the issue, not the solution. You are able to monitor fresh thematic material linked to your business and cause far better material in your specialty. It will make a snowball effect and you may get more people to share your content afterward and get new contacts it is possible to request their ideas in your next part of contact. The content creation method is more difficult, but there are plenty of methods to allow it to be easier. Although never practiced on an everyday basis, process recordings signified an effort to document everything. Don't hesitate to use our sample topics to produce your own! It is possible to decrease your possibility by buying different kinds of expenditure possible choices. A specialist ghostwriter ought to help you make a determination on an optimum size for your work. There are different paths than scrolling to look for content on Zest. There are many problems, even on you r own campus, which should be resolved. The Soprano's are only one example of the way the media have started to glorify social problems in the media. Twitter is an excellent outlet as there's a rich stream of individuals looking for lengthier content ready to support and share information but other social networks may be used too facebook groups, for example. In many nations, including the United States of america, aggressive women are often thought to be outside the social norm. The media should not have the ability to persuade us from that which we feel is correct, developing a new demented social norm. Individuals and institutions who decide not to abide by the boycott aren't punished in any manner. The majority of the people didn't understand what is CAB. At all times have an extremely jovial, but businesslike identity to find the consumers who'd love to spend to like you. Some people reside in rural areas which do not offer opportunities for individuals to get acquainted with their neighbors or to make new pals. Most Noticeable Good Social Issues to Write about The expanding size of the international population is no problem that appeared within the past. There are several political, environmental, economic, and societal issues in regards to global warming. The policies affecting social workers today can result in food deserts forming and people who are not able to afford to become sick. When you look around, you will observe social difficulties that affect society each day. A Startling Fact about Good Social Issues to Write about Uncovered Figure out why that you're i nvesting your hard earned cash. You're not asking for a particular sum of money, just just a little help. Know the way immediately it is possible to generate again your hard won money. The wise money at the moment is in TV.

The Differences Of Culture And Culture Essay - 2234 Words

The Differences of Culture Culture is part of each of us; its characteristics are defined by a combination of multiple conditions such as language, religion, places, people, lifestyle, etc. People in different societies have different cultures, sometimes they can be significantly different, but they can also have similarities. We are all surrounded by people of different backgrounds, religion and culture. This expands our knowledge and by being surrounded of different cultures, it let us to think with an open mind accepting our differences, but also celebrating our similarities. Some of us might have a greater knowledge in this subject; some of us have live between a mix of cultures. People that have emigrated from a different country know how different cultures can be. I believe every one of us at some point have seen the differences of cultures, some might know little about them, but at least everyone can be identified with their own culture. To know who we are and what our culture represents is important, i t is also important to expand our knowledge in cultures from people that surround us because we are in a diverse world where millions of people live differently and it might surprise us how different but also how similar we all are. Culture is powerful; it can shape our perceptions, attributions, judgment, and ideas of our self and of others. It is one of the most important attributes in our lives. We carry this since a very young age; we look up to our parents, ourShow MoreRelatedThe Differences Between Cultures And Culture Essay1579 Words   |  7 Pages How to get over the differences and conflicts between cultures Culture is a specific set of attitudes and perception that direct the way a community lives. There are very many cultural groups and orientations in the world today. These groups are based on specific homogenous attitudes or values shared by a community. From the definition, the factors may emanate from religion, ethnicity, education, gender or sexual orientation. For example, as a function of religion, culture has the potential to causeRead MoreDifferences Between Cultures And Cultures1009 Words   |  5 PagesIn contemporary society, cultures from our daily lives. People adapt to their own culture and are interested in other cultures which are different from their own. Some people think the best way to learn about diverse cultures and traditions in the world is by wearing fashions, hairstyles, or body jewelry from other cultures. Obviously, learning about the diverse cultures and traditions just by exterior appearance is a partial way to learn more about different cultures. Instea d, better ways to understandRead More Culture Difference Essay622 Words   |  3 PagesCulture Difference The first culture difference that many Japanese find in America is their greeting customs. Although the greeting is one of the simplest human communications, both countries have different methods of greeting each other. Three differences include introduction, self-introduction, and departure. In addition, the main reason for the difference is that Americans use verbal greetings and the Japanese use nonverbal greetings. First, the order of introduction in the U.S. is theRead MoreDifferences in Cultures Essay457 Words   |  2 PagesDifferences in Cultures Cultures are a complicated characteristic to understand. Living in the United States all of my life I never truly understood other cultures. When I would see people from other cultures come into my work or see them at school I thought they were bizarre. Last summer I went overseas to England, Ireland, and Wales. There I observed that the customs overseas are very different. One facet I noticed was their alcohol consumption. In the United States the law says you haveRead MoreDifferences Between Popular Culture And Indigenous Culture Essay1256 Words   |  6 Pagesdiversity of culture is an incredible notion. It is unfathomable how the anatomy of the human race is so similar, yet so different in the behaviors and ideas that take place. The two primary cultures I am focusing on throughout this essay are the differentiation between popular culture, and indigenous culture. I will also make the point of folk culture, and how it has slowly transformed itself from its self sufficienc y, to relying more on the ways of popular culture. To begin, the differences betweenRead MoreDifferences Between German Culture And American Culture1654 Words   |  7 Pagesâ€Å"Culture makes people understand each other better. And if they understand each other better in their soul, it is easier to overcome the economic and political barriers. But first they have to understand that their neighbor is, in the end, just like them, with the same problems, the same questions.†- Paulo Coelho. According to Paulo Coelho, in order to better overcome the worldwide obstacles, we should try to understand each other’s cultures. Through this paper, I will try to show you the main differencesRead MoreDifferences Between American Culture And Indian Culture1167 Words   |  5 PagesCulture is the characteristics and knowledge of a particular group of people, defined by everything from language, religion, cuisine, social habits, music and arts. The cultures around the world are very different and very much the alike at the same tim e. On the other hand, some similarities also lie between two nations. While the culture of America is a mixture of different cultures, the Indian culture is unique and has its own values. There are many types of differences lies between American cultureRead MoreDifferences Between Cultures And Cultures Of Europe2036 Words   |  9 PagesJonathan Gessner Peoples and Cultures of Europe Dr. James Biologists of Europe Many of the world’s well known and famous biologists and scientists have come from all over Europe in both the past and the present. Many of the pioneers in learning to study and understand the physical world from a scientific point of view have come from Europe. Modern scientific works can still be attributed to these researchers because their work will always be significant and applied even in the modern world. DistinctivelyRead MoreDifferences Between American Culture And German Culture909 Words   |  4 Pagesfundamentally different than the culture in the United States in which the people are trusted to do the right things rather than being forced by a set of written and unwritten rules that regulate social behavior. There are three significant differences between American culture and German culture: rules and regulations, the bureaucracy, and categorization. These differences help explain why German and American culture are so different. The first and most important cultural difference between Americans and GermansRead MoreDifference Between Chinese Culture and Western Culture4065 Words   |  17 PagesCommunication and the Conflicts between Chinese Culture and Western Culture Abstract There are many matters of cultural conflicts in intercultural communication of Chinese culture and western culture, and it seriously affects the course of communication. So, it is necessary for us to find the in-depth reason and make some plans on how to improve the ability of intercultural communication. This is the right way to avoid the cultural conflicts. There are several culture conflicts: the conflicts on privacy, the

Essay on The Use of Laughter in Poetry by Langston Hughes

The Use of Laughter in Poetry by Langston Hughes Jessie Fauset explains in her essay The Gift of Laughter that black comedy developed not as a method for blacks to make people laugh, but as a necessary emotional outlet for black people to express their struggles and hardships. The funny man took on a much more serious emotion than appeared on the surface level. Comedy was one of the few means black people had available to them to express themselves. The paradoxical definition of laughter is applicable to all human beings; the limited means of expression is unique to those in an inferior place in society, such as the black Americans of the Harlem Renaissance. In a sense, what makes the struggles represented by the black†¦show more content†¦Many of Langston Hughess poems contain references to laughter. Jessie Fausets essay describing the double meaning of laughter helps the reader to understand the complex nature of Hughess use of laughter in his poems. The Jester and Minstrel Man are two of the more obvious poems tha t deal with the complex meaning of laughter. The Minstrel Man discusses the same role of the funny man that Fauset describes in her essay. The white audience sees a black comedian laughing on stage but does not look past the laughter to see the hurt and pain of the black community: You do not think I suffer after I have held my pain So long? (lines 5-8) The white audience is unable to or refuses to look beyond the comic side of laughter to find the reality that, as Fauset describes, the funny man is really a character with a definite plot in a rather loosely constructed but none the less well outlined story (162). There is a sad story to tell but the only way to tell it is through comedy. The story is sad because, as stated in the last lines of the poem You do not know / I die? the white audience sees a happy, dancing man on stage but cannot see what oppression has done to his soul (lines 15-16). Hughess poem The Jester is also dealing with the obvious subject of laughter but is even more troubling than Minstrel Man. The Oxford English Dictionary defines jesting as uttering gibes or taunts; givingShow MoreRelated Langston Hughes Essay833 Words   |  4 PagesLangston Hughes Langston Hughes was born on February 1, 1902, in Joplin, Missouri. He was named after his father, James Hughes, but was known as Langston. He was the only child from his parents James and Carrie Hughes. His parents were not married for long because of an unhappy marriage. When they separated, Langston was left with his mother, who left him behind to move from city to city to find work. Langston ended up living with his 70 year-old grandmother in Lawrence, Kansas. He livedRead MoreJames Mecer Langston Hughes: Literary Genius1763 Words   |  8 PagesJames Mercer Langston Hughes was born February 1, 1902 in Joplin, Missouri. James Hughes and Carrie Langston are Hughes’ parents. They later divorced when Hughes was young. After his parents divorced he went to live with his grandmother until he turned thirteen years old. At thirteen years old he moved to Lincoln, Illinois. After living in Illinois he later moved to Cleveland, Ohio to live with his mother. When he moved to Cl eveland he started writing poetry (â€Å"James Mercer†¦Ã¢â‚¬  par. 2). Langston had manyRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance By Langston Hughes1033 Words   |  5 Pagesfrom 1920 to around 1935. Even though this period was short, it still lives on though all African American artists today. According to Biography.com in the article about Langston Hughes, there were many artist, musicians, and writers such as Langston Hughes, who was a huge part of the Harlem Renaissance period. Langston Hughes was a well-known poet and play writer. In the magazine called â€Å"The Crisis† his poem â€Å"Negros Speak of River† was published in 1921 and brought him attention in all the blackRead MoreThesis: Langston Hughes and the Blues1812 Words   |  7 Pagesï » ¿Research Outline I . Introduction Thesis Langston Hughs viewed the music of the blues and poetry as kindred forces that propelled the downtrodden blacks of the 1920s and 1930s toward a better day. II. Paragraph Two develop metaphor between constancy of blues music and ocean waves in live of black people. Quote blues poems: Weary Blues, Po Boy Blues, Homesick Blues. Relationship between the listener (the poet) and the blues musician, each coming to the same place night after night Read MoreLangston Hughes ´ Memories in His Poems Essay834 Words   |  4 Pagesauthors and poets make use of their memories and experiences in their work as a way to reflect back on their lives, raise awareness, or just simply to tell a story. As a prominent contributor to the Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes was an inspirational poet who highlighted many aspects of the urban life of African-Americans through reflections of his own life and experiences. As a writer, a poet and a prominent activist of the civil rights movement, Langston Hughes was a man that was notRead MoreLangston Hughes : The American Dream And Southern Migration With The Reality Of Prejudice2931 Words   |  12 Pages11/4/14 Langston Hughes Themes, Styles, and Techniques Langston Hughes has solidified his place as one of the greatest writers in American Literature to this day. This achievement is due to his thought provoking use of certain styles and techniques to portray his main themes and ideas. Many of Langston Hughes’ themes originated from his personal feelings and experiences. Hughes thus centers his themes around the ups and downs of African Americans living in America during his time. Langston HughesRead More Langston Hughes Essay1464 Words   |  6 Pages Langston Hughes   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  People always listen to music, watch movies or plays, and even read poetry without once even thinking what is could be that helps and artist eventually create a masterpiece. Often times, it is assumed that artists just have a â€Å"gift†, and people just do not consider the circumstances and situations that gradually mold a dormant idea into a polished reality. This seems to be the case with nearly every famous actor, writer, painter, or musician; including the ever-famousRead MoreThe Harlem Renaissance : Langston Hughes1145 Words   |  5 PagesNegro race as demonstrated by artists such as Langston Hughes. During the peak of the Harlem Renaissance, Langston Hughes created poetry that was not only artistically and musically sound but also captured a blues essence giving life to a new mode of poetry as it portrayed the African American struggles with ego and society leading Langston Hughes to be one of the most influential icons of the Harlem Renaissance. One affair is for sure, Hughes consistent use of common themes allows them to be the veryRead MoreLangston Hughes : The Black Writers Of The Harlem Renaissance1488 Words   |  6 Pageswriters of the 1900’S is Langston Hughes. While many writers focused on one style or category of writing, Langston Hughes is the most versatile of all of the writers from the Harlem Renaissance. While the state of Missouri is known for its largest cities such as St. Louis and Kansas City and for famous attractions such as the Gateway Arch, the state is also the birthplace of one of the most well-known writers of the early Twentieth Century. James Mercer Langston Hughes is an American author, writerRead MoreJames Langston Hughes And Countee Cullen934 Words   |  4 Pages James Langston Hughes and Countee Cullen were prominent poets. These poets were at the time of the Harlem Renaissance during the 20th century. Hughes and Cullen wrote for others to understand the stories of African-Americans living in the United State. These men had differences in their writing, but one mutual objective. James Langston Hughes was born in Joplin, Missouri on February 1, 1902. Hughes began writing poetry when he lived in Lincoln, Illinois. The Weary Blues was his first book of poetry

Contemporary Issues in Accounting use of IFRS †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Contemporary Issues in Accounting use of IFRS. Answer: Introduction The International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) were developed by IASB (InternationalAccounting Standards Board) in order to achieve harmonization by developing standard accounting practices and procedures that need to be followed by all the businesses worldwide during financial reporting. However, it has been found out by various studies carried out in developing and developed economies of the world that countries are facing challenged on effective implementation of IFRS due to country-specific contextual issues. In this regard, the present report aims to discuss the IFRS and the contextual issues faced by the countries worldwide in its effective implementation through reviewing relevant research articles related to the topic. Also, the report analyses the use of IFRS in businesses by presenting examples of financial reports of two companies and provides an overall discussion of the finding achieved through the use of institutional theory framework. Concept and the underlying assumptions of IFRS harmonization by referring to relevant literature International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) refers to accounting policies and practices that are developed by an independent non-profit organization known as IASB. IASB has developed IFRS in the year 2010 with the objective of developing global standards for the preparation and disclosure of financial statements by businesses around the world. The globalizations of economies have enhanced the complexity in financial reporting for businesses around the world. In this context, the harmonization of financial reporting is very essential for providing reliable, credible and comparable financial information at a global level. Harmonization will help in eliminating the differences that is present in financial reporting in order to overcome the difficulties that exist for companies to present their financial statements around the world. The harmonization can be achieved by developing similar set of procedures that result in unifying reporting standards in order to increase the similar ities in international reporting standards (Henry et al., 2006). The IFRSaccounting standards is regarded as an effective way to achieve harmonization in the financial reporting by promoting developing higher quality financial statements through adoption of international standardaccounting practices and standards. The adoption of IFRS standards will promote harmonization inaccounting as businesses around the world need to prepare their financial statements through implementing uniform standard accounting practices and policies. The international harmonization through the IFRS standards establishment will prove to be highly beneficial for investors and thus leading to increase in the future investments (Mirza and Ankarath, 2010). Also, the international harmonization besides increasing the investors confidence will also help in improving the ease to the global financial market. The absence of IFRS standards have made increasingly difficult for business entities to compare their financial reports and thus IASB has established standards accounting pr actices with the development for IFRS to promote harmonization in accounting rules and policies. The harmonization of IFRS globally will provide large benefits to parties such as investors, analysts, governments, creditors to easily understand the financial position of a corporation through its financial reports (Morais and Fialho, 2008). Also, harmonization will result in increasing the efficiency of auditing and reduce the complexity of financial reporting for companies have to otherwise follow different set of reporting standards for preparation of the financial statements for its various units operating in varying countries. The consistency between the financial reports of different business entities will make relatively easier for investors to make decision about their investment and thus will cause more flow of money in the capital market (Chand, 2005). Thus, it can be stated that development of IFRS is mainly done to reduce the conflicting accounting practices that are used by businesses in various countries that makes relatively difficult for analyzing the financial information for the end-users. The process of reconciling the financial information by multi-national companies is very time-consuming and expensive in the absence of IFRS. Also, there are increased chances of error-occurrence and misleading inform ation in the absence of a universal set of accounting practices adopted for preparation of financial reports. The IASB is also aiming for convergence of the GAAP (Generally Accepted Accounting Principles) and IFRS standards to achieve better harmonization in accounting practices as GAAP is regarded to be rule-based whereas IFRS is principle-based (Albu et al., 2014). Contextual issues of implementing IFRS in emerging economies and in developed countries The IFRS standards have largely been impacted by the common law of developed and developing countries such as China, South Asian countries, the United States and the United Kingdom. The establishment of IFRS standards by IASB is still not able to achieve harmonization due to contextual issues such as taxation, culture and political factors that have large impact on the accounting policies of a country (Morais and Fialho, 2008). The emerging economies though believed to have common characteristics are also facing issues in application and adoption of IFRS. This is mainly due to varying strategies used in IFRS adoption by the emerging economies and thus there exist wide difference in the application of IFRS standards by businesses operating within several emerging economies (Albu et al., 2014). Also, there are still some countries within the emerging economies that have still not adopted IFRS standa rds such as Syria, Morocco, Libya and Algeria. These countries still follow GAAP principles in developing financial reports. The IFRS standards, though, are proving very beneficial for developing countries in economic development through creating better investment opportunities but still some of the Middle Eastern countries do not allow their business corporations to use global IFRS standards (Zakari, 2014). The accounting and financial information received from developing countries is still not believed to be trustworthy at an international level due to such issues. As a result, the developing countries are not able to attract foreign investment for promoting their economic growth and development. Also, besides these political issues, the developing countries also face contextual issues such as inadequate knowledge and cultural factors that have caused difficulties in the adoption of IFRS standards. For example, China is regarded as one of the major emerging economies on an international level is also facing difficulties in the adoption of IFRS standards mainly due to contextual issues. The government of China is aiming to develop convergence between IFRS and CAS (Chinas Accounting Standards), however, there are still wide difference between CAS and IFRS. This is mainly due to lack of an international regulatory agency that is impeding the process of harmonization of accounting practice s. There is need for developing a commercial language that will help in convergence of accounting practices followed within different developing economies of the world (Wong et al., 2012). The United Arab Emirates, has responded effectively to increasing pressure of integrating its financial reporting standards as per the global standards. The UAE currently requires adopting the IFRS standards for promoting its economic growth and as such undertaking reforms to comply with the global IFRS accounting standards. However, the major challenge faced by the UAE in this context is that it has to undertake regulatory, legal and economic changes in order to adopt the western style financial reporting standards (Irvine, 2008). Thus, the development of global financial reporting practices is largely impacted by nation-specific and socio-political factors. The global harmonization of accounting practices is a very challenging task on account of presence of several controversial issues that are recently faced by the accounting standards setting bodies and market regulators. The developing economies are facing contextual issues such as lack of resources, skills, political and cultural factor that have hindered the harmonization of accounting practices. This is because emerging economies though share common characteristics have varying level of economic and accounting development (Finch, 2008). There are some developing countries such as Singapore and Malaysia that have well-established accounting practices but some such as Marshall Island even dont have a professional organizational for development of accounting practices (Zehri and Chouaibi, 2013). Apart from the developing economies, the contextual issues ar e also faced by the developed countries to achieve harmonization in their accounting practices. This is due to the difference in regulator environment of developed economies that cause differences in their accounting practices. The developed nations are recognized as leaders in the global capital markets but still face challenges in achieving a uniform set of accounting standards for financial reporting. The developed nations have established their independent accounting setting bodies such as AASB (Australian Accounting Standards Board) and others that have established their own set of accounting practices and conventions. As such, the IASB has to face difficulties in causing the convergence of accounting practices followed within a developed country and the IFRS standards (Chand, 2005). Thus, it can be said that with increase of globalization, the developing and developed countries are facing increasing pressure to comply with the global accounting practices of IFRS. The developing and developed countries are required to work in co-operation with each other to promote the economic growth and development at an international level through increasing investment opportunities. The developing economies are facing large contextual issues as there is difference in their level of economic and political development in adopting IFRS standards in comparison to developed countries. The developed countries though face issues in the adoption of IFRS they are still able to comply more with the IFRS standards due to their relatively same level of economic and political development (Henry et al., 2006). Analyzing the use of IFRS by researching annual reports of Tesco Wesfarmers Tesco, a general merchandise retailer of the UK, is listed on London Stock Exchange and thus have to comply with the accounting practices of the country. The financial reports of the company have been developed in accordance with the International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) as advocated by the European Union (EU) (Tesco, 2016). The financial reports are also developed as per the rules and conventions of Companies Act 2006 included under IFRS. The company have adopted historical cost basis for the preparation of financial statements while share-based payments, customer loyalty and net pension liabilities are measured at fair value (Kirk, 2009). The financial information presented in the annual report of the company is subjected to periodic review by the European Commission and thus can undergo necessary changes as prescribed by the IASB. The European Union (EU) has adopted the IFRS application in the year 2005 in order to adopt the international accounting practices for prom oting comparability and transparency in the financial statements of the EU countries (Geens and Hopt, 2010). The UK being a major member of the EU has to comply with all the reporting standards adopted by the EU and as such Tesco prepares and discloses all its financial information as per the accounting standards adopted by the European Union. This is due to the regulation adopted by the European Commission that all EU companies have to develop their financial statements as per the IFRS. However, the regulation is implemented only on the consolidated statements and thus companies can adopt the national GAAPs at the time of financial reporting for their subsidiaries and associate entities. As analyzed from the annual report of Tesco, it prepares its consolidated financial statements as per the IFRS standards mandated by the European Commission (Tesco, 2016). On the other hand, Wesfarmers Limited is recognized as one of the largest retailer of Australia that conducts its business operations through supermarkets and department stores. The company have disclosed in its annual reports that all the financial statements have been prepared in accordance with the AASB (Australian Accounting Standards Board) that holds the responsibility of developing and maintaining the financial reports as per the IASB (Wesfarmers: Annual Report, 2016). However, there exist some differences between IFRS and AASB standards in relation to the development of financial statements due to presence of country-specific issues. As such, AASB standards have been impacted by the country-specific issues and thus there are some differences between the financial reporting standards of AASB and IFRS. For example, as pre IFRS normal procedures are used for inventory calculation while AASB standards require the use of LIFO method in such calculations (Godfrey and Chalmers, 2007 ). As such, it is also analyzed from the annual report of Wesfarmers that some portion of its financial statements does not comply with the IFRS standards of IASB. Also, Wesfarmers do not develop and publish its statement of changes in equity that is required under IFRS IASB (Wesfarmers: Annual Report, 2016). Thus, it can be stated that there are some differences between the reporting practices of Wesfarmers and Tesco due to contextual issues that has hindered the harmonization of financial reporting standards globally. Therefore, apart from the wide differences that is present between the financial reporting standards still countries are emphasizing on the need of achieving harmonization in accounting practices through IFRS. This has been analyzed from the annual report of Tesco and Wesfarmers that exist in the same retail industry but operate in varying countries but still prepare their financial statements as per IFRS standards (Mirza and Ankarath, 2010). Discussion of findings in the context of institutional theory framework The development of standard accounting practices and conventions for promoting harmonization of accounting standards have largely been impacted by the framework of institutional theory. The institutional theory considers the processes that result in development and establishment of standard rules, norms or schemes for conducting social behavior. The theory provides a framework that helps in gaining an understanding of the accounting processes in a better and improved manner. As per the theory, organization can be considered as operating in social context of norms, values and standards and thus helps the accounting-setting bodies to develop accounting practice that promotes transparency and authenticity in financial reporting. The accounting-setting bodies can identify and examine the factors that result in legitimacy of organization practices during the development of standard accounting practices with the use of legitimacy theory framework (Carpenter and Feroz, 2001). The factors include cultural, social, legal and economic that has resulted in development of contextual issues and is negatively impacting the harmonization of accounting practices globally. The theory states that organizational can achieve legitimacy through abiding by all the regulatory structures, norms, societal and cultural practices and governance rules. Thus, as per the theory the presence of social, economic and political factors have a wide impact on the decision-making processes of organization and thus accounting-setting bodies should develop an appropriate understanding of these factors at the time of developing financial reporting standards (Albu et al., 2014). Thus, institutional theory help in determining the legitimate actions for organizations and thus help in development of standards procedures through which they can abide by all the laws, rules and norms for meeting the social behavior expectations. The use of institutional theory framework by accounting-setting bo dies will help in determining the appropriate laws and standards that should be abided by the organizations for promoting their legitimacy. It emphasizes on the role of regulatory, social and legal pressures that impact the actions of an organization. Thus, IASB has developed IFRS standards for promoting legitimacy in organizations worldwide as the standards adopted in the IFRS are meant to promote reliability, relevancy, comparability and consistency in the financial reporting. The proper application of IFRS standards by businesses worldwide will help in promoting transparency and credibility of financial reporting thus resulting in international growth and development of economies (Pietra, et al, 2013). Conclusion Thus, it has been analyzed from the overall discussion in the report that IFRS has resulted in harmonization of accounting practices for promoting better decision-making process of investors. However, the contextual issues such as economic, political and social factors have largely impacted the harmonization achieved by IFRS in developing and developed countries that need to be eliminated for achieving integrity in financial reporting. References Albu, C.N. et al. 2014. When global accounting standards meet the local contextInsights from an emerging economy. Critical Perspectives on Accounting 25, pp. 489510. Carpenter, V. L. and Feroz, E. H. 2001. Institutional theory and accounting rule choice. Accounting, Organizations and Society 26, pp. 565-596. Chand, P. 2005. Impetus to the success of harmonization: the case of South Pacific Island nations. Critical Perspectives on Accounting 16, pp. 209226. Finch, N. 2008. A Case Based Analysis of Impairment Decision Making. Journal of Law and Financial Management 7 (2), pp. 36-42. Geens, K. and Hopt, K.J. 2010. The European Company Law Action Plan Revisited: Reassessment of the 2003 Priorities of the European Commission. Leuven University Press. Godfrey, J. M. and Chalmers, K. 2007. Globalisation of Accounting Standards. Edward Elgar Publishing. Henry, D. et al. 2006. Harmonization of Accounting Measurement Practices in South Asia. Advances in International Accounting 19, pp. 2558. Irvine, H. 2008. The global institutionalization of financial reporting: The case of the United Arab Emirates. Accounting Forum 32, pp. 125142. Kirk, R.J. 2009. IFRS: A Quick Reference Guide. Elsevier. Mirza, A. and Ankarath, N. 2010. Wiley International Trends in Financial Reporting under IFRS: Including Comparisons with US GAAP, China GAAP, and India Accounting Standards. John Wiley Sons. Morais, A. and Fialho, A. 2008. Do Harmonised Accounting Standards Lead to Harmonized Accounting Practices? An Empirical Study of IAS 39 Measurement Requirements in Some European Union Countries. Australian Accounting Review 18 (3), pp. 234-236. Pietra, R. et al. 2013. Accounting and Regulation: New Insights on Governance, Markets and Institutions. Springer Science Business Media. Tesco. 2016. Annual Report and Financial Statements. [Online]. Available at: https://www.tescoplc.com/media/264194/annual-report-2016.pdf [Accessed on: 15 May 2017]. Wesfarmers: Annual Report. 2016. [Online]. Available at: https://www.wesfarmers.com.au/docs/default-source/reports/2016-annual-report.pdf?sfvrsn=4 [Accessed on: 15 May 2017]. Wong, T.J. et al. 2012. Challenges for Implementation of Fair Value Accounting in Emerging Markets: Evidence from China. Contemporary Accounting Research 29 (2), pp. 538562. Zakari, M. 2014. Challenges of International Financial Reporting Standards (IFRS) Adoption in Libya. International Journal of Accounting and Financial Reporting 4(2), pp. 390-412. Zehri, F. and Chouaibi, J. 2013. Adoption determinants of the International Accounting Standards IAS/IFRS by the developing countries. Journal of Economics, Finance and Administrative Science 18, pp. 56-62.

Summery of project management Essay Example

Summery of project management Essay What is project management? Key understanding of Project Management In changing world How can a small business succeed in a rapidly changing world, with changing customer desires, new competitors, new technology, and new suppliers halting us from all directions? The answer is project management. Project management helps us realize our dreams, take an advantage of opportunities, and solve our problems in changing times. Well put project management into simple language and learn how we can make projects work. Definition of basic conception; Project Management When it comes to the definition of Project, it can be defined as follows; a dream with a deadline or a problem scheduled for a solution. In general, Projects come in all sizes. In a small business, some might take months such as launching the business or opening a new store. Others might be fulfillment work for a few weeks: creating the fall catalog and mailing It out or building a new web site. Some projects take Just a few hours: finding a new supplier to replace the one that Is unreliable or holing staff for the summer rush. We will write a custom essay sample on Summery of project management specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Summery of project management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Summery of project management specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer It Is a good idea to think of our opportunities and problems as projects. With regard to the definition of management, it can be said as follows; all process to evaluate, investigate, and plan how to control the business or the opposite meaning of situation where business is on out of control. Classification of Project Management. We can largely divide the project into two; internal project and external project. Firstly, some projects are Internal. They dont make money directly, but they change the way you work. Maybe you install a new bookkeeping system or you launch a new advertising campaign. For these projects, your customer Is Inside the company. Secondly, External projects are projects for customers. When we succeed on an external project, we make money and delight the customer. By making delighted customer, companies run their business stably and earn the constant profit from them. So, managing external projects souls be considered important in their management. 2. General idea to practice project management Eight Ways Projects Benefit Your Business In order to improve business, companies can throw away the conventional step to measure and practice the project, and develop the new conception what it calls 8 ways Into their business. 8 ways are as follows; firstly, companies should bring a new reduce or service to market they have something new to sell. And secondly, they Increase production so they can make more things to sell. This helps only If they have customers who will buy those things. Thirdly, they should Increase market share, for they should reach new markets or customers, for example, by opening a new location or starting to sell through a web site. For fifth step, they can market or deliver to their customers in new ways, increasing sales or lowering the cost of sales. For sixth step, they should speed up cycle time, getting products to market faster, completing Jobs aster, getting supplies faster, and making decisions faster, which makes themselves more flexible and competitive. For seventh step, they should reduce or avoid costs, changing the way we get supplies or the way they work to reduce waste and cost and increase net revenue. As for the last step, they should reduce risk and protects assets, to improve protection of their tangible assets preventing damage, fraud, and theft and their intangible assets things like customer good will, employee loyalty, and recognition of themselves and their company as reliable professionals and good citizens. Participants and their role in Project Management participants Their role Sponsors They kick off the project and provides the money Executive managers They run the company that is doing the project Customers They receive primary benefit from project results Project managers They are responsible for running the project with the team on a daily basis. Project team They work full time or the most time on the project, planning and doing the actual work to create the result Vendor They provide products or services to the project team Peripheral stakeholder They have some occasional contact with part of the product 3. Nine area of Project Management. Over the last 35 years, the Project Management Institute (PM) has worked to define the field of project management as an independent profession and certify professionals in the field. And the PM has finally discovered that there are nine areas companies need to manage to make a project succeed. It calls these the nine areas of project management knowledge. Scope: What and How Project scope definition answers the questions What are we making? and How will we make it? The goal is to define everything companies need to do to complete that, their goal is to keep scope under control. They track their work and correct their course so that they do everything they need to do. Time: Effort and Duration At the end of project scope management, companies know what work they will be doing. In time planning, they prepare activity lists they decide who will do, what and when. From this, they can plan project effort, the number of person and hours of work to be done, and project duration, how long the project will take from start to finish. Project time management also includes time estimation and schedule control to make sure theyre getting work done on time. Cost: Estimates, Budgets, and Tracking Once companies have figured out our schedule, they can estimate what the project will cost. They build a budget and then they track the time and money they spend each week. If they dont track it as they go along, their schedule and budget will go out of control. They will fall behind and not even know it. They keep on top of the project by looking at the work theyve accomplished, the time theyve spent, and the money theyve spent. Quality: Make It Good There are two aspects to quality management. One is in designing the product or service?the project results. They should ask more than What are we making? They would ask, What will make it really good? The second part of quality management is about working smarter. That is, they focus on the quality of their process?on how they do the work, manage the project, and manage business and customer value. Risk: Make Sure We Get It Done What if? is the central question of project risk management. Companies realize that the future is always uncertain they dont know what will happen. So, they should think about what might happen and write it down. Then they prepare for each thing that might change their project plan or get in the way of success. Once theyre ready or any contingency, they keep risk under control by tracking events weekly and handling things if they look like they are about to happen or when they do. Human Resources: The Project Team For small businesses, project human resources means getting the right people on the team for the Job and making sure workers can do the work well. For each person on each Job, companies ask if they understand the work, if they have the right skills, and if they have the time to do the work. Any time one of those questions gets no for an answer, they find a solution: they explain the Job, they get training or bring in an expert, or they give project work the priority it needs to get the Job done right. Communications: Keep Everyone on Board management are. Then companies figure out what they need to hear from them and what they need to hear from head centers. They plan, manage, and execute effective communications to make sure the plan includes everyones perspective, that everyone understands the plan, and that everyone is on the same page and up to date when changes hit the project. Procurement: Getting What We Need For most small business projects, procurement is making a good shopping list and hen making sure companies get the right thing and that it comes in on time. In some cases, they may do some hunting for best prices. Sometimes, they have to deal with vendor selection and contract management as well Integration: Keeping It All Together. In ninth area, project integration management, means that companies should keep track of what is going on in all the other areas and deal with any changes to the project promptly and fully. This is also called integrated change management. That is, the eight knowledge areas in advance companies should consider are all tied together in one system. 4. Process of making problems into project Right way to approach the problem There are a bunch of wrong ways to approach problems and theyre all about blame. Blame asks questions about the past, but only to point fingers. Who did this? Who made this mess? Those kinds of questions dont get companies anywhere. Instead of asking, Who? if something isnt working, ask, What? and then ask, Why? What happened? Whats wrong? Why did this happen? Those are useful questions. Another way to avoid blame is to focus on the present and the future. Once companies understand what happened, they shift from the past to the future and ask, What can we do to fix this? Then Who? can be the right question: Who is the best person to fix this problem? And he or she might Just be the person who made the mistake. From Problem to Project Often times, while companies run their business, they obviously face some problems to block them from reaching their goal. Some companies try to avoid and ignore it. However, a problem is a problem. And when they recognize that, they put it on a schedule to fix it. As soon as they do that, the problem becomes a project. Here is a process for going choosing the best solution to a problem. 1. Picture the solution. A information. Do you need to get a price quote on repair? On a new machine? Do you need to learn about newer models? Do you need to see how much money you have available? 3. Ask if you need expertise. Are you and your team qualified to come up with the best solution? Remember that a lot of expertise is free these days between vendors who will give a price quote at no charge and internet research, we can often get the know-how we need while spending little or no money and little time. . List your options. Write out a clear description of each solution. The repair will cost $2,000 and the machine will probably last two more years. A new machine costs $6,000 and will probably last five years. . Maybe make a decision. If one option is clearly better than the others, then select that one. If not, then put off the decision by including maki ng the decision as part of the project plan. In this case, we might delay the decision until weve learned about financing options on the new machine and the money we can make selling the old machine. 5. Process of defining the scope Companies should pick one and plan out what they are doing in detail to make the project happen. The Project Management Institute calls this defining the scope of the project. Scope planning includes defining all that companies are making and layering what they are not making. When they are done planning scope, they should have a clear picture of what they are making. Once they know what they are making, they can define how they will make it?that is, they move from describing results to describing the steps of the process, the tasks that will get the work done. Here are the steps of defining scope, from the big picture down to the details. 6. Planning time and money Companies should figure out how much it will cost, when they will do it, and how long it will take. The techniques in this step are not difficult, but few take the time to really use them well. If most of them remember a few basic rules, they can avoid the most common problems in planning time and money: here are two basic key concepts; 1 . Keep allocation and estimation separate. Allocate based on the amount of time and money the company can reasonably spend to get project results. Estimate from the project plan. After both the allocation and the estimate are prepared, then see if the project is affordable. If not, change the plan or cancel the project. 2. In estimating, avoid bias. Bias means leaning one way or the other. For example, if you say, l have to do this for under $2,000, then youll try to make the numbers look right. You could end up fooling yourself telling yourself that you can do a $5,000 Job for $2,000. And the allocation. 7. Process of making quality The phases of the best project quality management For the first, companies define quality. When they build their scope statement, they should ask, What makes it good? When they focus on quality from the beginning, they can make fewer mistakes, reducing total project cost and shortening the schedule. They deliver better results with less rework, sooner, while spending less money. For the second, they should plan for quality. Through using quality control, laity assurance, and effective gate reviews, they find smart ways of workin g that deliver the best results at the lowest cost on the shortest schedule. For the third, they control quality to make sure that the product is what it is supposed to be. And then, they should ensure quality from the beginning to the end of the project. And lastly, they should deliver quality to ensure customer delight. 8. Risk management Basic concept of risk management For the first, companies should know the meaning of Risk Identification. It is about to figure out what could go wrong, and write it down. They start with knowing that something could go wrong, that something unexpected could happen. They ask, What could that be? Then they write down the answer. The best time to hold a major risk-planning meeting is shortly after the activity list is done. For the second, they should know the meaning of Risk Analysis. It is about to identify the likelihood and consequences of each risk, and prioritize the risks. It accompanies the process of naming the risk, and describing the consequences, the risk trigger, the likelihood, and estimating the significance of the risk, and finally describing options for managing he risk before or when it happens. And for the third step, and last step, they should know the meaning of Risk response planning and Risk monitoring. When it comes to Risk response planning, it is about to get ready for what might happen, item by item. They have to decide what theyre going to do about it their risk management options. By putting it on the list, theyve accepted the risk under management. And with regard to Risk monitoring, it is about to check up on the risks and update the risk control plan at each daily or weekly status meeting throughout the project,. 9. Management of HRS and communication Management of human resource Once companies have good people with the right skills, they have the resources for the project. However, those resources have to work together well. Therefore, their best bet is to hire people with these qualities as follows; Honesty, Interest, Reliability, Attitude and Skill or Testability. But not only that, they should define Jobs very clearly. If the team members are willing to do the work, then its companies Job to work with them so that they know what to do. At a minimum, each worker should have a clearly defined goal for each day of work. And finally, companies should also ark and gets it done right, the more likely the project is to succeed. Also, people are more motivated and enjoy their work more when they figure out how to do a Job themselves. Management of communication Effective communications is essential to project success. So often, companies leave out one small detail and then they have to redo the work. To prevent this, they have to teach their team members to think through details, request what is needed in detail, and work together to get it done right the first time. Even worse, it is only human to get frustrated, upset, or even angry when things dont go well. When it moms to communications, we have to lead by example. If we communicate clearly and effectively; if they thank people for telling themselves whats going on, even when the news is bad; and if they apologize when they make a mistake and get a little snippy, then their team members will be open to learning to do likewise. When the team is ready to learn, they should consider Figure 10-2 on upper picture. This is because when companies have a project plan and then all team members make a habit of doing good level-I and level-2 feedback, something wonderful happens. By sharing the feedback which is information for better performance, They et a highly effective process called customer service within the team. 10. About Procurement Management Most of what the Project Management Institute teaches about putting out requests for proposals, comparing bids to select vendors, and managing contracts doesnt apply to companies small business folks, anyway. So, they should focus on the following issues: Purchasing for projects, Getting expertise, Getting information, Getting permission, Evaluating vendors, Tracking and saving money in the purchasing process. Although this work is a small part of our project, doing it well is a big prevention of project problems. Everything we need from outside the project every external dependency is a project risk. So some extra attention is called for to prevent problems. Purchasing for Projects When it comes to purchasing for projects, inside the company, the only way to find out all the rules, glitches, and possible delays is to talk with everyone. And even then, someone usually leaves something out. In addition, Projects are unique, so purchases for projects are often unique. Companies may be buying something from an industry theyve never dealt with before. When they dont know the ropes, theyre more likely to make assumptions and mistakes. Getting Expertise When it comes to getting expertise, it could be clearly said; sometimes, companies dont need products or services; they need expertise and knowledge. Usually, this comes in one of two forms: they need either training or guidance. In training, they and their team learn how to do something and then apply the ideas themselves. In guidance, they and their team receive specific direction on how to prepare for or to Getting Information Sometimes, companies simply need information. They may Just need to know certain facts for a project or they may need to get information as a first step toward finding he right book, the right training class, or the right vendor. The internet is an amazing timeserver here. If they dont know how to do research on the internet, they can take a few hours and learn?it will save themselves weeks of time within a year. And most of what they are looking for is available for free. Getting Permission Sometimes, companies need permission, too. An obvious case is building permits for a construction project. The challenge with getting permission is often that the person or organization giving permission cares more about not making a mistake than about helping themselves to succeed. The guard doesnt want to let the wrong person into the building. The town council wants to stop the wrong kind of development. Evaluating Vendors The bigger the project, the more important it is to evaluate vendors carefully. Companies need to look at vendors for products and short-term services in one way and vendors for long-term services differently. If they are buying a product or piece of equipment for their project, they also should consider that the vendor understands the business and technical requirements and can guide themselves in product selection and confirm that the product they are choosing is suited to the ask. Vendors for Long-Term Services Sometimes, companies want to use someone from outside their company for most or all of the length of the project. In this case, they need to do a deeper evaluation and check the vendors against their requirements more rigorously. This applies whether they are hiring a consultant to Join (or even lead) the team or they are outsourcing the project entirely to a consulting firm or vendor. 1 1 . About Procurement Management In working up the project plan, companies have looked at eight areas of project management: scope, time, cost, quality, risk, human resources, communications, and recruitment. With eight perspectives, it can be hard to see that, all together, they make one plan. But companies should see how the eight areas work together and then learn about the ninth area project integration management. Using the ninth area, theyll have one solid plan, good to go. In organizing the nine areas of project management theyll distinguish three that lead to defined, measurable results (r) and six that support these results, but that are measured by tracking their process (p). Theyll start with the three (r) results areas, which are related to one another by what is called the iron triangle. Iron doesnt bend or stretch. And theres a rule about triangles: if companies change keep the shape of the triangle. The iron triangle illustrates a rule in project management: they cant deliver more on a project (increase scope), without spending more and taking longer (increasing time and cost). This is illustrated in Figure 12-1, the iron triangle. The main use of this tool is to educate customers and executives on the fact that, if they ask for more results, youre going to ask for more time and money. 12. Change Management Sometimes, companies cant follow the original plan, because of an error in the plan r a big change or several risk events. When companies change the plan, it is called rebelling. This means that they are working to a new plan, with a new schedule, a new budget, and some new risks as well. Here are the four levels of change management and risk management to deal with these situations: Add to the scope. If, when companies evaluate a change request, they decide to add to project scope, theyre adding time, cost, and risk. If it is essential so that project results actually add value, then they do it. If it is very beneficial and early enough in he project to make the change, then they might do it. But, in either case, it is equivalent to changing the destination on their sailing trip. Drop something from the scope. Sometimes they run into trouble either a big risk event or Just a discovery that work cant go as fast as theyd hoped. Then they cant deliver everything on time and within the budget. If they cannot delay delivery and get more money, then they should intentionally drop some part of our scope. Add more time and/or money. If they run into trouble?either with a big risk event or with the discovery that their Lana left something out or Just estimated over-optimistically, they may be able to meet our original project goals by spending more time and/or increasing their budget. Reevaluate the plan. Sometimes, major changes to the company or project or a realization that something was wrong at the start force them to reevaluate the whole project plan. They might be considering project cancellation or they might Just be saying, Theyve got to figure out whats wrong here and fix it. This is called a project review. 13. Managing Scope Creep In project change management, each change requires good Judgment. Therefore, it is essential to write down the change request and take it through a process of research, decision, communication, and if the change is accepted updating the plan. In addition, companies should manage the entire load of change with good communication, planning, and finally education to prevent scope creep. Preventing Scope Creep and set up a clear project life cycle with stages and gates. Let people know that creative ideas are encouraged during the planning and preparation stage. Be sure to do walk-through and risk assessment meetings so that features, quality, value, and risks are all addressed in planning. Also, investigate the initial situation as thoroughly as companies can. Then make a list of their assumptions and check them. If companies do all of this, there will be very few surprises and very few reasons for change. 14. Time Cost Management Time management in project doing stage This part is quite related to how companies finally manage their workers inside the company so as to make time efficient. So, the key to make success in managing them has to do with the employees who need to be motivated and focused. And here are some consideration that companies should notice in managing them. ) Interruptions or conflicting priorities. When people get interrupted, they work only one-third as fast as if they are not interrupted. Also, they may be given contradictory priorities between the project and other work or may feel that there is a conflict. Work to clear time and clarify priorities. 2) The need for a can-do attitude. A can-do attitude, also called a proactive approach, is essential for project work. Because projects are unique, they bring up new challenges and demand creative thinking. Support this in your team. If any team members are more l Just do my Job, focus on avian them understand that there is no excuse for missing a deadline. If work gets stuck, then there is a reason, and team members should come to you and bring the problems, so you can get the work unstuck and they can meet their goals. 3) Overestimation of speed or ability. The plan may simply have had an over-optimistic estimate. Rather than continuing to accept a small, cumulative delay each week, ask what youve learned about how much work can be done and revise the plan so that it is realistic. Cost management in project doing stage Simply tracking expenses is an important first step. There are four other things companies can do to keep costs under management and also reduce hassle. 1) Do clear procurement in writing. Even for small items and short, inexpensive sub- contractor Jobs, write a letter of agreement saying what will be done/ 2) Keep up to date with vendors. Agree on schedules for billing and work with vendors. 3) Keep organized electronic and paper files. 4) Price shop and negotiate for discounts 15. Quality Management These days, companies have emphasized that focusing on quality from the beginning actually lowers project cost while improving the quality of results and allows them to

Effects of Windmill Essay Example

Effects of Windmill Essay Example Effects of Windmill Essay Effects of Windmill Essay A windmill is a device that is used to generate power by the use of wind energy. There are some effects that it has on the environment both negative and positive. The following document will look at the effects that the windmill has on the environment and moreover on the benefits that a clean environment enjoys. (Drachmann, 1961)IntroductionThere are some benefits that it has to the environment. One is that it is used to control global warming because it does not emit any carbon into the environment. Second is that it is a renewable source of energy. Since it is natural it can be renewed over and over. It also causes the effect of drying the environment as well as warming the environment especially in the morning. It does not have any pollution effect because it does not produce any smoke. The other effect that the windmill has is that it can cause fire easily, contamination of water can occur as well as gases that are emitted in the greenhouses cannot be saved by windmill.There are some benefits that the environment enjoys when windmills are implemented on a clean environment. One is that the power that is generated by the windmill is cheap. The environment is also not polluted by any form of particles that pollute the air like smoke. The environment stays clean and fresh. It does not use fuel for it to operate hence no air pollution is caused. There are those who say that the noise caused by the windmill as it rotates causes illness but this has not been proven. The other effect that it has on the environment is the killing of bats.ReferenceA.G. Drachmann, 1961 Herons Windmill, Centaurus, pp. 145-151

Long-Term Orientation in Chinese Business Markets Literature review

Long-Term Orientation in Chinese Business Markets - Literature review Example According to the authors, guanxi behaviour consists of three elements: affect (emotions), reciprocal favour, face preserving. In Chinese culture, trust is an outcome of guanxi behaviour. The authors emphasise that in China, affection and business go together unlike the UK or USA. Affect denotes human feelings or emotional commitments that are central to intimate social bonding in several kinds of relationships such as between teachers and students, parents and children, or between close friends. In Chinese culture, the reciprocal favour stems from certain social behaviour evoking emotional responses and feeling by one of the group member to another. As such, reciprocity is a universal behaviour that can be traced even to animal kingdom. Similarly, the importance of face preserving for any Chinese in personal and professional life is tremendous. Face preserving behaviour plays a crucial role in constructing interpersonal relationships. It is important to note that in the Chinese cultu re, any disloyal person in the group is a faceless person. Society associates a great value when members of the group go to any extent to honour their obligations. Thus, it can be said that guanxi is a fulcrum of most activities in China that fall into the purview of political, economic and social order. However, to gain more clarity, researchers interviewed over a dozen sales managers in China and Hong Kong to find out how they view guanxi in the business world. ... As replied by the sales managers, guanxi is the first step of a salesperson to establish his or her intention to do the business; however, guanxi behaviour takes considerable time to develop to the point where unfamiliarity with the buyer ceases to exist. According to the sales managers interviewed, most Chinese firms respect guanxi style of relationships while doing any business transactions. That means the higher the salesperson interacts with a buyer, the greater the trust the buyer reposes in the salesperson. Surprisingly, business transactions are done on the basis of trust at personal level rather than at the organisational level. That is why many transactions with overseas firms are done on the basis of personal contacts. People are more loyal to their superiors rather than their organisation. A buying firm's trust on the salesperson is due to his or her expertise on the subject and ability to deliver. Similarly, the higher the status or position of the salesperson, the higher the trust the buying firm will repose on the selling firm. This is so because higher status of the salesperson signifies greater control on the firm's resources to fulfil agreed obligations. The researchers formulated various hypotheses to understand how a buying firm develops trust on the seller firm including the factors such as salesperson expertise and his or her status responsible for generating this trust. In the process to measure all the three elements of guanxi as mentioned above, the authors served the questionnaire to 250 respondents; however, only 51.2% respondents returned the questionnaire. Those who responded were in their current positions for last 4 years and in relationship with

Aboriginal history Coursework Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Aboriginal history - Coursework Example A survey was conducted that revealed that 38% of children were taken away from their families. Many families are still in search of their members, and many of them never had a chance to see each other again; this has caused the natives an immense emotional stress. This practice has led to the erosion of the nation’s culture and values; this is termed as the ‘Stolen Generation’ by the historians2. Keeping in mind the history of Australia, it is essential to have a vast knowledge of the aboriginal history for a teacher to hand down the facts of the existence of the land where people dwell and to reclaim the culture that was lost to the bills and acts passed by the European invaders3. Teaching the history of Aborigines will make the students familiar with the legacy, culture and norms of their country and the ongoing impact of colonialism on the society that they have become today. It will contribute to their knowledge that their identity dates back to 40,000 years ago; they will know that they belong to one of the oldest cultures in the world. Moreover, students have to face linguistic barriers which contribute to the trends of attendance; however, evidence suggests that the use of their native language influences the numeric figures greatly. Australian Council for Educational Research (ACER) released a report which suggested that learning Torres Strait Islander, or Aboriginal, language could contribute to the academic results for all the students. Therefore, non-indigenous students will develop a significant knowledge of the cultural dissimilarities and mutual respect along with gaining insight into the history of the land where they live4. The historic accounts will also help the teachers to know the trick to teach Aboriginal students. Many schools in Australia have white teachers who do not know the history of Aborigines. Therefore, they misinterpret the behavior of the Aboriginal children; for example, it is against ethics to have an eye contact with

Poem Analysis- Robert Fross; Robert Browning; Anne Bradstreet Essay Example for Free

Poem Analysis- Robert Fross; Robert Browning; Anne Bradstreet Essay Robert Frost, â€Å"Out,Out—â€Å" 1. In line 15, Frost describes the saw as being sinister. He infers that the saw has a mind of its own, by stating that the saw jumped out of the boy’s hand and cut the boy’s hand terribly. Frost also makes it seem as if the saw is in a way, like a friend. He does this by demonstrating that using the saw is an advantage for the boy because it is making his job ten times easier. Without the saw, the boy would spend hours cutting through the wood. 2. In Frost’s poem, the people that surround the boy must be his family. It could also very much be friends, or members of his community, along with the doctor and nurses working on his injury. The tone of the poem leads me to conclude that the â€Å"they† in the poem weren’t very surprised or moved by the boy’s injury, or death, because this might have happened before, or they just didn’t care for the boy. 3. Frost’s reference to Macbeth’ contributes to my understanding of â€Å"Out, Out-â€Å"that this poem’s theme is about death. From the reference to Shakespeare play, Macbeth, I can expect read about someone dying, an unexpected death. In my opinion, the theme of this poem is the cruel, emotionless, merciless relationships adults had with their children back then in America. Children weren’t given the opportunity to enjoy their childhood. They had many responsibilities and tasks to fulfill. 4. Robert Frost’s â€Å"Out, Out-‘† resembles the medieval folk ballad, â€Å"Sir Patrick Spence,† in its theme. Both poems are relaying a message about death. In Frost’s poem, the boy acknowledges the fact that he is going to die when he realizes he is losing a lot of blood. In â€Å"Sir Patrick Spence,† the sailor realizes he is coming face to face with death when he reads the letter the king has sent to him. Both of the protagonists in the poems are on the verge of dying a sudden, unexpected death. Robert Browning, â€Å"My Last Duchess,† 1. Throughout the entire poem, it is almost impossible allocate who the Duke is addressing. Towards the end of the poem, lines 49-52, it is disclosed that the Duke is speaking to a servant, or worker of a Count. This specific Count seems to have the Duke interest, because he wants to marry the Count’s daughter. The Duke appears to be hosting some sort of gathering in his home. I inferred this from lines 47 and 48. 2. Throughout the poem, the Duke emphasizes on his last Duchess, kindness and flirtatious attitude. In the Duke’s opinion, and observance, the Duchess was easily impressed, and fulfilled. Everything and anything made her happy. She would always say thank you to anyone, and everyone that would bring her things, or do things for her. The Duke interprets the Duchess’ kindness, and mannered behavior as flirtatious, which leads to his distrust in her. Based on the Dukes description, the Duchess, in my eyes was a well mannered woman. She wasn’t mean, or sought herself above anyone. Which is how he, the Duke wanted her to act. He wished she’d be a greedier or unfulfilled character. 3. In lines 34-41, the Duke explains why he never sought to confront his Duchess on her behavior. He states he didn’t have the eloquent skills to do so. He claims that he didn’t posses the speech to confront her. â€Å"Who’d stoop to blame/This sort of trifling? Even had you skill/ In speech-(which I have not)-to make your will/† This in my opinion is a lame excuse. I believe that he was simply afraid of confrontation. The Duke also states that if he had confronted the Duchess on her behavior, she would have made an excuse for her actions. 4. From this poem, I conclude that the Duke himself murdered, or gave orders to murder his Duchess. There is no clear evidence to support this, but I believe it is a clear interpretation. The poet should have included the Duchess’ fate in the poem. It would leave little room to assume her fate. 5. Robert Browning makes a direct connection between the Duke’s art collection, and the attitude towards his wife. The Duke has the portrait of his wife; his last Duchess displayed in his home, behind a curtain. A curtain, which only he can draw back, or remove. In other words, he, the Duke, controls the Duchess; or he wishes to control his Duchess. The Duke wouldn’t want anyone to see the portrait of his Duchess, with her blushed cheeks, unless he was there. The same can be inferred from the last few lines of the poem, line 54-55, â€Å"Notice Neptune, though,/Taming a sea-horse, thought a rarity,/ Which Claus of Innsbruck cast in bronze for me!† The Duke is implying, that he himself is Neptune, and his last Duchess is the sea-horse. No one could have imagined that a sea-horse could be tamed, but Neptune achieved it. Identical to the way that the last Duchess herself was tamed. Adrienne Rich, â€Å"Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers,† In her poem, â€Å"Aunt Jennifer’s Tigers,† Adrienne is describing the protagonist’s feelings towards her marriage. In lines 9-10, the protagonist feels that she is a prisoner of her marriage, and will only be set free when she dies. The protagonist uses the tigers as a symbol of who she wished she could be. In the first stanza of the poem, Adrienne describes the tigers as being un-fearful of the men. A trait she wishes she possessed. Sharon Olds, â€Å"Rite of Passage,† 1. The speaker describes the first-grade boys at her son’s birthday party as men. Their behavior is pure imitation of the men they have been around. Her description of them is ironic, because how can first-graders realistically be grown men? She also uses the concept of violence a lot in the poem. 2. In the last two lines of the poem, the author compares the first-graders to generals, and states that they are playing war. This is ironic, because she is inferring how (grown) men glorify war. The first-graders are innocent and naà ¯ve to the truth behind war. They don’t understand the sadness, and deaths behind it. To them, it is a reason to celebrate and rejoice. What is even more ironic, are the lines prior to the last two lines of the poem. The speaker quotes what the little boy has said. In line 22, â€Å"We could easily kill a two-year-old†. Little boys should not be speaking of death. But just like (grown) man boost up their ego by feeling superior to others and educing violence, these first-graders are doing the same. 3. From line 15-20, the mother describes her son as being innocent. She paints her son to be better than the other first-graders, because she seeks him out to be more mature than they are. Throughout the rest of the poem, due to the speaker’s description of her son, it can be inferred that the speaker’s on is the leader of the group. He is the mediator; the peace maker. Suji Kwock Kim, â€Å"Monologue for an Onion,† 1. The tone of this poem is mocking, and judgmental. It implies that humans live their lives chasing false hopes; searching for a truth that does not exist. The poet symbolizes this by using the analogy of shaving an onion to get to its heart; searching for a heart that does not exist. It depicts that humans are hopeless, and helpless. Humans are viewed as lost creatures. The speaker expresses hostility towards the human. It begins to mock humans by describing them as an idiot, thirsty (to find the truth), soulless, foolish, and destined to die. The speaker does this by comparing how a human cuts an onion over and over again, even though the onion makes the cutter cry relentlessly. 2. In line two, â€Å"I mean nothing† is projected to be interpreted on two ways, â€Å"intend†, and â€Å"signify. The poet is saying that the onion’s intentions aren’t to make the â€Å"cutter/human† cry. As the onion is cut, it forces the cutter’s eyes to fill up with tears. A reaction that is not intended, but occurs automatically. The poet also uses the phrase â€Å"I mean nothing† to symbolize that the onion feels like it is no one. It feels as if it has no value, or meaning of existence. 3. If someone said this to me, it would prove how close-minded and naà ¯ve they are. Poems generally convey a meaning far beyond what the poem explicitly reads. In poetry, you must read between the lines to understand the underlying significance of the poem. The poet is using the analogy of an onion’s (chemical) reaction to a human’s tear ducts to deploy how foolish human beings can be, and are. Continuing to cut through an onion, knowing that the onion will force us to cry is foolish. This simple action is identical to human life. Human’s cut through life searching for a truth they never attain. 4. I personally feel that the author is trying to give everyone a wake-up call in this poem. Suji Kwock Kim is trying to give her readers a few words of wisdom. She is exploring, and revealing a new approach on how one should view the world. Trying to encourage her readers to refrain from what an onion cutter is doing: cutting away at life causing them harm. Anne Bradstreet, â€Å"The Author to Her Book† Anne Bradstreet’s poem, â€Å"The Author to Her Book† is a complex narrative concerning the conflicting emotions and thoughts an author can have for a piece of literature he or she has written. Through metaphor and personification, Bradstreet examines the similarities between being a parent and being an author. The love, discouragement, and fear that all come into play when something is going to be revealed to the world at large are present in both a parent and a writer. Metaphor is used to relate authorship to parenthood in order to convey to the reader the complex emotions the narrator is feeling about sending a book he or she wrote out into the world. As the narrator points out, â€Å"Thou ill-formed offspring of my feeble brain†, drawing the parallel between the author and a parent and all of the complicated emotions that go with it (line 1). The narrator refers to the book-child as â€Å"My rambling brat†, revealing the negative side of the emotion (l ine 7). As a frustrated parent with a child who will not behave, so the narrator feels towards the book because it is not as perfect as he or she would want and the narrator sees this as a reflection upon the author, just as a parent would see a naughty child as a reflection on themselves. But later the narrator writes, â€Å"Yet being mine own †¦ affection would thy/Thy blemishes amend† demonstrating the conflicting emotions associated with love (lines 10-11). The metaphor of the book as a child reflects the conflicting emotions of the narrator as the book is seen as an extension of the narrator, just as a child is seen as a reflection of a parent. Personification of the book as a child creates empathy within the reader and makes it easier for the reader to relate to the anguish and love felt by the narrator. â€Å"I washed thy face† the narrator writes, speaking to the book, giving it life even as the book’s qualities as an inanimate object are examined (line 13). The narrator cares for the book’s presentation to the world just as a parent would care for the presentation of a child to the world. â€Å"I stretched thy joint to make thee even feet† the narrator writes, emphasizing the care needed for the book (line 15). The personification of the book and the metaphor of the book as a child work together to give the reader a full and complete understanding of the complex emotions felt by the narrator towards the book. The understanding needed and the guidance required to make the book the best possible so that it reflects well on the narrator is cast in light of parenthood and the ways in which a parents must care for and bring up a child. There is shame and the love that go along with an imperfect child, but it all is ultimately overshadowed by the pride felt in the final product.

Comparing How Various Anthropologists Discovered Anthropology as a Care

Comparing How Various Anthropologists Discovered Anthropology as a Career Anthropologists have reasons for entering a field of work just like any other person has reasons for Choosing science over music or medicine over business. The reason a person may enter a particular career can be from stumbling upon a field that they knew little. Once discovering it they have ambitions of being the best they can be. It could also stem from a desire as a child to know more about a specific subject. Reasons may be distinct or similar to another person's in the same field. I will compare various anthropologists to how they started in anthropology and how they are different from one another. Anthropologists have stumbled upon or discovered the world of anthropology in their own ways. Barbara Smutts decided that she would study anthropology at the age of 13 (Rosenthal, 23). After reading Jane Goodall's first article about chimpanzees and with her love of animals and science she knew that anthropology would be her career (23). Adrienne Zihhnan, like Smutts, stumbled upon anthropology after reading an article. She read a book by Margaret Mead for a course at Miami University (Shell, 38). After reading it she changed her major and transferred to a college with the major (38). Zihhnan has made Paleoanthropology her specialized area. The origination of the two­legged gait has been her focus (Shell, 40). Smutts has studied Primatology and observed olive baboons and the bottle­necked dolphin (Roshenthal, 24 & 26). The discovery of a career through reading an article makes a person wonder if all big decisions could be that simple. Aslihan Yener discovered anthropology after transferring to Robert College to study art history (Bass, 64)... ...n/legkey http://www.anatomy.su.oz.au/danLiy/anthropology/anthro­1/bio­graphies/thorton "Linguistics." Encyclopedia of Cultural Anthropology: vol. 1, 1996. "Linguistics." The New Encyclopedia Britannica: vol. 7, 1993. Mead, Margaret. Leaders of Modem Anthropology: Ruth Benedict. New York: Columbia University Press, 1974. "Paleoanthropology." Academic American Encyclopedia: vol. 15, 1996. "Primatology." Encyclopedia of Human Evolution and Prehistory. 1988. Rosenthal, Elisabeth. "The Forgotten Female." Discover. Dec. 1991: 22­27. Shell, Ellen Ruppel. "Flesh and Bone. Discover. Dec. 1991: 37­42. Spencer, Robert F. Methods and Perspective in Anthropology. Minneapolis: The University of Minnesota Press, 1954. Steward, Julian H. Leaders of Modem Anthropology: Alfred Kroeber. New York: Columbia University Press, 1973.

How Music Influences Memory Essay

I lay in my bed listening to the endless stream of music coming through my headphones. My iTunes is on shuffle, some songs I skip but most of them I let play without interference. Zoning out only enough to let my mind wonder, I relax and take in the sounds surrounding me. I feel restful, at piece. A brief moment of silence from the time one song ends and another begins. I hear the first five notes on a piano — instantly, I have a lump in my throat, my heart quickens, and my eyes begin to sting. â€Å"Through the Years† by Kenny Rogers has just come on. After fifteen seconds of a piano introduction, Rogers’ soothing voice starts in, â€Å"I can’t remember when you weren’t there†¦ I am reminded of my family. I am taken back to a time when all my grandparents were still alive and well. My father’s mother’s face comes into view, she has been gone twelve years but I can almost feel her presence. I think of the love my family and I have for each other. I think of my sister. My cheeks and ears begin to feel warm. The air I’m breathing suddenly becomes thick, my vision is blurred by the water filling my eyes. The chorus begins, â€Å"Through the years†¦Ã¢â‚¬  My eyes overflow and tears silently fall down my face. After the second chorus the song builds on itself, it rises and keeps on rising. The tension is broken by Rogers’ voice full of love and sincerity at the bridge. I have graduated from softly crying to full on sobbing. My face, my ears, my neck and my pillow are wet with tears. What I am crying about, I am not entirely certain of. What I am certain of, however, is that this wave of emotion that I am drowning in was induced solely by this song. Now in the fetal position, cuddling the blanket and bear that I have had since I was born, I gasp and choke a deep breath in and cough it out as I sob. â€Å"As long as it’s okay / I’ll stay with you / Through the years† The song ends, and after a short while I return to the restful state I was in prior to my breakdown, noticeably more tired. All of this because of a song. This experience and countless others like it (varying in memories and emotions) that made me wonder about the power of music. We have all been influenced by music at one point in our lives; oose bumps, shivers, hair standing on end, tears, dancing, tapping to the beat. Music is all around us, and it is there no matter where you go; it transcends borders and cultures, it is the one universal thing that does. Henry Wadsworth Longfellow said it best: â€Å"Music is the universal language of mankind. † Music has the ability to elicit emotions and trigger memories of our past, transporting us to a specific moment or time in our lives. Music can help us cope, the proof of this is in the success of break-up songs. We rely on music. But, what is it about music that makes it so powerful? How is it able to influence us the way it does? Studying music from a scientific approach is relatively new practice, especially music and its effects on the brain. Thanks to advances in neuroscience such a study is made possible. Neuroscientists use fMRI and PET scans to study the brain and what music does to it. When we listen to music different parts of our brain are stimulated. What scientists have learned is that music activates more areas of the brain than anything else. Elena Mannes, author of the book The Power of Music: Pioneering Discoveries in the New Science of Song, identifies some of parts and functions of the brain that are used to process music: †¦the auditory cortex (first stage in the listening process, perception and analysis of tones), the motor cortex (foot tapping, playing an instrument), the prefrontal cortex (the creation of expectations triggered by musical patterns and the violation of patterns/expectations), the sensory cortex (tactile feedback, as in playing an instrument), the visual cortex (reading music), the nucleus accumbens and the amygdala (emotional reactions), the hippocampus (memory for music), the cerebellum (also movement and emotional reactions). (Mannes, 32). When we listen to music our brain is actually extracting something from the music and making sense of it. Some scientists believe that this could contribute to our brain’s ability to remember songs so well. (Kunz). An intriguing aspect of music and how we relate to it is our seemingly instinctual ability to analyze a piece of music. Daniel Levitin, a neuroscientist at McGill University, discusses in his book, This Is Your Brain On Music: The Science of a Human Obsession, how our brain perceives and understands music. When we start out we have thousands of neurons in our brains that are completely free, not tied down or associated to anything. However, as we grow and learn, these neurons are shaped by experience and make connections. Through our experiences our brains learn the rules of whatever music we are exposed to. For example, we have songs that we recognize as happy or sad, even if it is only an instrumental piece. We are able to recognize the mood or feeling of a song from its elements; in Western society we tend to associate a fast tempo with energy and spiritedness and a slow tempo with sadness. These associations, or connections, are learned from our experiences. (Levitin, 87-89). There are a variety of different factors that contribute to our physical and emotional reactions to music. Music often mirrors the natural world and picks up on cues that are prevalent in human behavior. Expectations not fulfilled, surprise, when something happens not as planned, often in life these are what elicit our strongest emotions. Composers employ structural devices that imitate these real-life occurrences and thereby prompt a reaction from the listener. An easily relatable physical reaction to music is called frisson, or more commonly referred to as goose bumps or shivers down one’s spine. These reactions can and are most commonly achieved through the use of an enharmonic change. A simple example (in simple terms, the following chords and notes do not actually exist) of an enharmonic change is when chord(x) is played and harmonizes melody note(a), (this chord is often played again at least once, if not more) then chord(y) is played and re-harmonizes melody note(a), so it is the same but different. The composer creates an expectation and then those expectations are not carried out and that elicits a reaction from the listener (Mannes, 283). A myriad of elements contribute to the influencing power music has over our emotions. Two of the main reasons people listen to music is for emotional impact and regulation (Chanda and Levitin, 180). Music can provide us with a wide range of feelings, such as happiness, sadness, excitement and tranquility Music is also known to produce feelings of euphoria, and what some even describe as a high. Scientists have discovered the reason for this so-called high: the areas in the brain that are activated by drugs or during sex are also activated by listening to music that we enjoy. Listening to pleasurable music activates the production of neurochemicals. The most recognizable chemical that is produced is dopamine, the feel-good hormone, a neurotransmitter responsible for mood regulation. Prolactin, the comfort or satisfaction hormone, normally associated with mothers breastfeeding their infant, is also produced. The third chemical produced is oxytocin, the cuddle or trust hormone commonly associated with sex and bonding with other people. The production of these hormones explain the â€Å"euphoric† feeling people sometimes experience when listening to music. These hormones also influence our mood and perception (Chanda and Levitin180; Mannes, 35). Another factor that contributes to our emotional response to music is our emotional connection to a song. Often times, memories that we associate with a particular song that we heard in a particular time in our lives are triggered when we hear that song. Researchers have found that there is a significant difference in brain activity when we hear a song that we have emotional connections to. A potential and simple explanation for this is that we are not only processing the music but we are also recalling past events. Memories are stored as proteins in different parts of our brains, when memories are triggered, different parts of the brain are put into action to recall those memories. Both functions (processing music and remembering) use a large portion of our brain on their own, combine the two and that is a lot of brain activity (Kunz). Memories triggered by music are often times much more powerful than when triggered simply by thought. For example, a friend might say, â€Å"Do you remember when†¦Ã¢â‚¬  and we reminisce with our friend about a time or an event of past. We may laugh, or feel a sentimental twinge of longing, but usually, not more than that. When a memory is triggered by a song, however, we are somehow transported back in time and are able to experience the feelings we had at that time. There has been speculation for why our memories are much more vivid when triggered by music. Some have theorized that because our brain has already done the work of processing a particular piece of music, we recognize that we have done it before. The recognition of that precise action manifests itself through our feelings. For example, when I hear the song â€Å"Crazy† by Gnarls Barkley, I am immediately taken back to the summer of 2006. I am instantly overcome with a feeling that I can only describe as being the feeling I felt the summer I was sixteen. It’s a happy feeling; a feeling of freedom mixed with confusion and carelessness. My senses are activated; I am able to smell the salt air from the beach, I can taste the Arizona Raspberry Iced Tea that I perpetually consumed, I am almost able to feel my jean shorts around my legs, I even have a clear vision of Highway 33 from the passenger’s seat of mine and my sister’s car as we make our way to the beach, the scene before me shaded by the sunglasses I wore. When a memory is triggered by one of the senses, the other senses are triggered as well. Our senses dictate what we perceive, and therefore, influence how we feel. At that time in my life when my brain was processing that song, it was also processing all of my other senses, all of these elements combined and gave me a very specific feeling. So now when I hear that song, my brain processes it and says something like, Oh, I have done this before, this is the result. It can be likened to muscle memory (Kunz). Intrigued by the power music has, I interviewed Matthew J. Kunz, a researcher currently exploring potential methods to treat patients suffering from neurological injuries and illnesses. One medium of particular interest to him is forms of music therapy. It has been proven that music engages and even enhances motor and auditory skills. Music could potentially serve as a form of physical therapy after an injury or an illness that has impaired an individual’s motor skills. A great example of this is Parkinson’s disease. Humans are instinctively able to march or walk to a beat. By providing someone with a rhythm track their actions, e. g. walking, could be improved if accompanied by music (Kunz). Another neurological illness that is being treated by music is Alzheimer’s disease. However severe a dementia is, even if the patient has lost language, they almost never seem to lose the memory or ability to respond to music. Not only can it assist in the recalling of memories but it can also strengthen areas of the brain. Some music therapists have the patient learn and play music. Somehow, the ability to do this stays in their brain, once the song is in there (their brain) it stays. Through learning and playing music the patient exercises their brain, and as a result, functions of the brain, like motor skills, are improved. Even severely demented patients will recognize old songs and be delighted by them. Kunz confesses, â€Å"If nothing else, the patients are able to experience joy. Even if that’s the only thing it gave them, it would be worth the work that is being done now. † Kunz’s heart is in the right place regardless of the outcome of the research, however, studies have already shown the positive benefits of the diverse forms of musical therapy (Kunz). Whether we want to feel rapture and be delighted by something, or shed a few tears, if we are in need of therapy, or simply want to break the silence, music is there for us. The power music holds is so strong that we depend on it and integrate it to nearly every aspect of our lives. Ill, or injured, or completely well, music is therapeutic to us all; it can bring groups of people together or provide a sense of company when one is alone. It makes our highest highs higher and our lowest lows lower, but that is the magic and power of music. I am certain that our existence and experience as human beings would be far less than what it is if it were not for music.